The Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), sometimes also known as the Maidenhair Tree, is a unique tree with no close living relatives. It is classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo and just the one species. It is one of the best examples of a living fossil known.

In the past it has also been placed in the divisions Spermatophyta or Pinophyta. Ginkgo is a gymnosperm (as opposed to an angiosperm), meaning " naked seed " ; its seeds are not protected by a fruit. The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains flavonoid glycosides and ginkgolides and has been used pharmaceutically. It has many alleged properties, but is mainly used as memory enhancer and anti-vertigo agent.

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) is a perennial herb in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States. It may be distinguished by its thick, yellow knotted rootstock as well as its large, rounded leaves.

Goldenseal is often used as a multi-purpose remedy, having many different medicinal properties. In addition to working as a topical antibiotic, it can also be taken internally as a digestion aid. A second species from Japan, previously listed as Hydrastis palmatum, is sufficiently distinct that it is now usually treated in a separate genus, as Glaucidium palmatum.

Coffee Bean Extract in human research has shown that chlorogenic acid in coffee has the ability to reduce the amount of carbohydrates absorbed. Furthermore, animal research using isolated chlorogenic acid demonstrated that this compound has the ability to reduce the amount of glucose that can be created from metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins.

The potential benefit is that when the body is unable to derive energy from these sources, it may draw upon stored sources of energy (such as body fat) to help meet energy needs; although no research has yet been done to demonstrate that green coffee bean extract will have this effect in humans.